{"id":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","slug":"kpv","category":"regeneration","status":"active","sortOrder":8,"imageUrl":"https://peptidesdirect.io/media/pep-shop/images/kpv__10mg__obsidian-2026-08.jpg","videoUrl":null,"feedImageUrl":"https://peptidesdirect.io/media/pep-shop/images/kpv__packshot__obsidian-2026-08.jpg","publicCode":"9YWR9SP5","createdAt":"2026-03-13T22:32:57.234Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-18T12:46:58.523Z","translations":[{"id":"2708b982-565e-4e3c-b7b9-ae0e661938fd","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","locale":"en","name":"KPV","description":"\n \n In cell and mouse experiments the endpoints are NF-kB activation, breakdown of the inhibitor IkB-alpha and ERK, JNK and p38 MAP-kinase signalling.\n \n \n KPV is the last three residues of the 13-amino-acid hormone alpha-MSH. Published studies measure inflammatory pathways and melanocortin signalling in keratinocyte cultures (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Intestinal cells carry the peptide inward through the PepT1 transporter, which is the mechanistic basis of the colitis-model literature (PMID 18061177).\n \n \n In vitro assays measured colony formation of Staphylococcus aureus and the viability and germ-tube formation of Candida albicans under alpha-MSH and its C-terminal tripeptide (PMID 10670585).\n \n \n Melanocortin signalling has been measured in human keratinocyte cultures for alpha-MSH, ACTH and the 11-13 fragment side by side (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Lys-Pro-Val, about 342 g/mol. A tripeptide this small dissolves readily and is stable as a lyophilized powder.\n \n\n\n\n NF-kB pathway\n alpha-MSH fragment\n PepT1 transport\n Antimicrobial assays\n Intestinal inflammation models\n\n\n## What is KPV\n\nKPV is a tripeptide of three amino acids, lysine, proline and valine, corresponding to positions 11 to 13 of alpha-MSH. Alpha-MSH is a 13-residue melanocortin hormone; KPV is the C-terminal end of it and nothing else, which is exactly why the fragment is used as a research tool: it separates the inflammatory-pathway work from the receptor pharmacology of the full-length hormone.\n\nAt about 342 g/mol this is one of the smallest molecules in the catalogue. We supply it in lyophilized (freeze-dried) form, the same format used in published research protocols.\n\n## How it works\n\nThe pathway most consistently measured is NF-kB. In cell and mouse experiments the endpoints are NF-kB activation, breakdown of its inhibitor IkB-alpha, signalling through the ERK, JNK and p38 MAP kinases, and pro-inflammatory cytokine output such as TNF-alpha and IL-6 (PMID 18061177, PMID 18612139).\n\nIn the intestinal literature the mechanism is more specific. Intestinal epithelial cells express PepT1, a transporter for di- and tripeptides, and published work shows KPV entering the cell through that route, which is what makes it a standard tool compound in the DSS and TNBS colitis models used as proxies for inflammatory bowel disease (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346).\n\nA separate line of in vitro work is antimicrobial. For alpha-MSH and its C-terminal tripeptide the endpoints were colony formation of Staphylococcus aureus and the viability and germ-tube formation of Candida albicans across a broad concentration range (PMID 10670585). A third strand measures melanocortin signalling in human keratinocyte cultures (PMID 15102092).\n\nEvery result above comes from cell culture or a rodent model. There is no published human trial of this peptide.\n\nFor reconstitution, the standard solvent in published protocols is bacteriostatic or sterile water. KPV dissolves cleanly and stays clear once mixed.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Documentation\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n Gastroenterology, 2008; transporter route plus DSS and TNBS mouse colitis models\n Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008; mouse colitis model design\n J Leukoc Biol, 2000; in vitro assays against S. aureus and C. albicans\n Peptides, 2006; cell-culture study of immobilized GKPV, the alpha-MSH(10-13) tetrapeptide, a distinct molecule\n Endocr Rev, 2008; canonical mechanism review\n J Invest Dermatol, 2004; keratinocyte cell culture\n Ann Rheum Dis, 2007; review of the peptide class\n\n\n\nThis material is sold strictly for in-vitro research and laboratory use. Not intended for human or animal consumption, medical, cosmetic, or household applications. Suitable only for professional laboratory environments.\n","shortDescription":"KPV is the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val (positions 11 to 13). Studied in cell and mouse models for NF-kB signalling, PepT1 transport in intestinal cells and antimicrobial activity in vitro. Batch-specific third-party CoA.","metaTitle":"Buy KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) 10 mg | EU Dispatch, CoA","metaDescription":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), the alpha-MSH(11-13) tripeptide: ≥98% purity, batch-specific Janoshik CoA, EU dispatch. For in-vitro research only."},{"id":"d952708a-ba53-40cf-83fe-41f1fb7618ab","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","locale":"de","name":"KPV","description":"\n \n In Zell- und Mausexperimenten sind die Endpunkte NF-kB-Aktivierung, Abbau des Inhibitors IkB-alpha sowie ERK-, JNK- und p38-MAP-Kinase-Signalgebung.\n \n \n KPV sind die letzten drei Reste des 13-Aminosäuren-Hormons alpha-MSH. Publizierte Studien messen Entzündungswege und Melanocortin-Signalgebung in Keratinozyten-Kulturen (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Darmzellen befördern das Peptid über den PepT1-Transporter ins Zellinnere, die mechanistische Grundlage der Kolitis-Modell-Literatur (PMID 18061177).\n \n \n In-vitro-Assays maßen Koloniebildung von Staphylococcus aureus sowie Viabilität und Keimschlauchbildung von Candida albicans unter alpha-MSH und seinem C-terminalen Tripeptid (PMID 10670585).\n \n \n Melanocortin-Signalgebung wurde in humanen Keratinozyten-Kulturen für alpha-MSH, ACTH und das 11-13-Fragment nebeneinander gemessen (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Lys-Pro-Val, etwa 342 g/mol. Ein so kleines Tripeptid löst sich leicht und ist als lyophilisiertes Pulver stabil.\n \n\n\n\n NF-kB-Signalweg\n alpha-MSH-Fragment\n PepT1-Transport\n Antimikrobielle Assays\n Darmentzündungsmodelle\n\n\n## Was ist KPV\n\nKPV ist ein Tripeptid aus drei Aminosäuren, Lysin, Prolin und Valin, entsprechend den Positionen 11 bis 13 von alpha-MSH. Alpha-MSH ist ein Melanocortin-Hormon aus 13 Resten; KPV ist dessen C-terminales Ende und nichts weiter, genau deshalb wird das Fragment als Forschungswerkzeug eingesetzt: Es trennt die Entzündungsweg-Arbeit von der Rezeptorpharmakologie des vollständigen Hormons.\n\nMit etwa 342 g/mol ist dies eines der kleinsten Moleküle im Katalog. Wir liefern es in lyophilisierter (gefriergetrockneter) Form, demselben Format, das in publizierten Forschungsprotokollen verwendet wird.\n\n## Wirkweise\n\nDer am durchgängigsten gemessene Signalweg ist NF-kB. In Zell- und Mausexperimenten sind die Endpunkte NF-kB-Aktivierung, Abbau seines Inhibitors IkB-alpha, Signalgebung über die ERK-, JNK- und p38-MAP-Kinasen sowie proinflammatorischer Zytokin-Output wie TNF-alpha und IL-6 (PMID 18061177, PMID 18612139).\n\nIn der Darmliteratur ist der Mechanismus spezifischer. Darmepithelzellen exprimieren PepT1, einen Transporter für Di- und Tripeptide, und publizierte Arbeit zeigt, dass KPV über diesen Weg in die Zelle gelangt, was es zu einer Standard-Werkzeugsubstanz in den DSS- und TNBS-Kolitis-Modellen macht, die als Stellvertreter für chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankung dienen (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346).\n\nEin separater Strang von In-vitro-Arbeit ist antimikrobiell. Für alpha-MSH und sein C-terminales Tripeptid waren die Endpunkte Koloniebildung von Staphylococcus aureus sowie Viabilität und Keimschlauchbildung von Candida albicans über einen breiten Konzentrationsbereich hinweg (PMID 10670585). Ein dritter Strang misst Melanocortin-Signalgebung in humanen Keratinozyten-Kulturen (PMID 15102092).\n\nJedes Ergebnis oben stammt aus Zellkultur oder einem Nagetiermodell. Es gibt keine publizierte Humanstudie zu diesem Peptid.\n\nFür die Rekonstitution ist bakteriostatisches oder steriles Wasser das in publizierten Protokollen übliche Lösungsmittel. KPV löst sich sauber und bleibt nach dem Mischen klar.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Dokumentation\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n Gastroenterology, 2008; Transporterweg plus DSS- und TNBS-Maus-Kolitis-Modelle\n Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008; Maus-Kolitis-Modell-Design\n J Leukoc Biol, 2000; In-vitro-Assays gegen S. aureus und C. albicans\n Peptides, 2006; Zellkulturstudie zum immobilisierten GKPV, dem alpha-MSH(10-13)-Tetrapeptid, einem eigenständigen Molekül\n Endocr Rev, 2008; kanonischer Mechanismus-Review\n J Invest Dermatol, 2004; Keratinozyten-Zellkultur\n Ann Rheum Dis, 2007; Review der Peptidklasse\n\n\n\nDieses Material wird ausschließlich für In-vitro-Forschung und Laborgebrauch verkauft. Nicht bestimmt für den menschlichen oder tierischen Verzehr, medizinische, kosmetische oder Haushaltsanwendungen. Geeignet nur für professionelle Laborumgebungen.\n","shortDescription":"KPV ist das C-terminale Tripeptid von alpha-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val (Positionen 11 bis 13). Untersucht in Zell- und Mausmodellen auf NF-kB-Signalgebung, PepT1-Transport in Darmzellen und antimikrobielle Aktivität in vitro. Chargenspezifisches Analysezertifikat eines unabhängigen Labors.","metaTitle":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) 10 mg kaufen | EU-Versand, CoA","metaDescription":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), das alpha-MSH(11-13)-Tripeptid: ≥98% Reinheit, chargenspezifischer Janoshik-CoA, EU-Versand. Nur In-vitro-Forschung."},{"id":"72fc5107-b358-4281-b1de-0191df0cddc7","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","locale":"fi","name":"KPV","description":"\n \n Solu- ja hiirikokeissa päätemuuttujia ovat NF-kB:n aktivoituminen, estäjäproteiini IkB-alfan hajoaminen sekä ERK-, JNK- ja p38-MAP-kinaasisignalointi.\n \n \n KPV on 13 aminohapon hormonin alfa-MSH kolme viimeistä aminohappotähdettä. Julkaistut tutkimukset mittaavat tulehdusreittejä ja melanokortiinisignalointia keratinosyyttiviljelmissä (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Suolistosolut kuljettavat peptidin sisään PepT1-kuljettajan kautta, mikä on koliittimallikirjallisuuden mekanistinen perusta (PMID 18061177).\n \n \n In vitro -määritykset mittasivat Staphylococcus aureuksen pesäkkeenmuodostusta sekä Candida albicansin elinkykyä ja itiöputken muodostumista alfa-MSH:n ja sen C-pään tripeptidin vaikutuksen alaisena (PMID 10670585).\n \n \n Melanokortiinisignalointia on mitattu ihmisen keratinosyyttiviljelmissä alfa-MSH:lle, ACTH:lle ja 11-13-fragmentille rinnakkain (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Lys-Pro-Val, noin 342 g/mol. Näin pieni tripeptidi liukenee helposti ja on stabiili lyofilisoituna jauheena.\n \n\n\n\n NF-kB-reitti\n alfa-MSH-fragmentti\n PepT1-kuljetus\n Antimikrobiset määritykset\n Suoliston tulehdusmallit\n\n\n## Mitä KPV on\n\nKPV on kolmen aminohapon tripeptidi, lysiini, proliini ja valiini, joka vastaa alfa-MSH:n aminohappotähteitä kohdissa 11-13. Alfa-MSH on 13 aminohappotähteen melanokortiinihormoni; KPV on sen C-pää eikä mitään muuta, mikä on juuri syy, miksi fragmenttia käytetään tutkimustyökaluna: se erottaa tulehdusreittitutkimuksen täyspitkän hormonin reseptorifarmakologiasta.\n\nNoin 342 g/mol painava molekyyli on yksi luettelomme pienimmistä. Toimitamme sitä lyofilisoidussa (pakastekuivatussa) muodossa, samassa muodossa, jota käytetään julkaistuissa tutkimusprotokollissa.\n\n## Miten se toimii\n\nJohdonmukaisimmin mitattu reitti on NF-kB. Solu- ja hiirikokeissa päätemuuttujia ovat NF-kB:n aktivoituminen, sen estäjäproteiini IkB-alfan hajoaminen, signalointi ERK-, JNK- ja p38-MAP-kinaasien kautta, sekä tulehdusta edistävien sytokiinien, kuten TNF-alfan ja IL-6:n, tuotto (PMID 18061177, PMID 18612139).\n\nSuolistokirjallisuudessa mekanismi on tarkempi. Suoliston epiteelisolut ilmentävät PepT1:tä, di- ja tripeptidien kuljettajaa, ja julkaistu tutkimustyö osoittaa KPV:n pääsevän soluun tätä reittiä, mikä tekee siitä vakiotyökaluyhdisteen DSS- ja TNBS-koliittimalleissa, joita käytetään tulehduksellisen suolistosairauden korvikemalleina (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346).\n\nErillinen in vitro -tutkimuslinja on antimikrobinen. Alfa-MSH:lle ja sen C-pään tripeptidille päätemuuttujina olivat Staphylococcus aureuksen pesäkkeenmuodostus sekä Candida albicansin elinkyky ja itiöputken muodostuminen laajalla pitoisuusalueella (PMID 10670585). Kolmas tutkimuslinja mittaa melanokortiinisignalointia ihmisen keratinosyyttiviljelmissä (PMID 15102092).\n\nJokainen yllä mainittu tulos on peräisin soluviljelmästä tai jyrsijämallista. Tästä peptidistä ei ole julkaistua ihmiskoetta.\n\nLiuottamiseen julkaistuissa protokollissa käytetään vakioliuottimena bakteriostaattista tai steriiliä vettä. KPV liukenee puhtaasti ja pysyy kirkkaana sekoittamisen jälkeen.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Dokumentaatio\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n Gastroenterology, 2008; kuljetusreitti sekä DSS- ja TNBS-hiiren koliittimallit\n Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008; hiiren koliittimallin tutkimusasetelma\n J Leukoc Biol, 2000; in vitro -määritykset S. aureusta ja C. albicansia vastaan\n Peptides, 2006; soluviljelmätutkimus immobilisoidusta GKPV:stä, alfa-MSH(10-13)-tetrapeptidistä, erillisestä molekyylistä\n Endocr Rev, 2008; kanoninen mekanismikatsaus\n J Invest Dermatol, 2004; keratinosyyttisoluviljelmä\n Ann Rheum Dis, 2007; peptidiluokan katsaus\n\n\n\nTätä materiaalia myydään yksinomaan in vitro -tutkimukseen ja laboratoriokäyttöön. Ei ole tarkoitettu ihmisten tai eläinten nautittavaksi eikä lääketieteelliseen, kosmeettiseen tai kotitalouskäyttöön. Soveltuu vain ammattimaiseen laboratorioympäristöön.\n","shortDescription":"KPV on alfa-MSH:n C-pään tripeptidi, Lys-Pro-Val (aminohappotähteet kohdissa 11-13). Tutkittu solu- ja hiirimalleissa NF-kB-signaloinnin, PepT1-kuljetuksen suolistosoluissa ja antimikrobisen aktiivisuuden osalta in vitro. Eräkohtainen, riippumattoman laboratorion CoA.","metaTitle":"Osta KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) 10 mg | EU-toimitus, CoA","metaDescription":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), alfa-MSH(11-13)-tripeptidi: puhtaus ≥98%, eräkohtainen Janoshik CoA, EU-toimitus. Vain in vitro -tutkimukseen."},{"id":"8bfefce9-f99b-4c2a-ac32-f8833b563fd1","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","locale":"fr","name":"KPV","description":"\n \n Dans des expériences cellulaires et chez la souris, les critères sont l'activation de NF-kB, la dégradation de l'inhibiteur IkB-alpha et la signalisation des MAP kinases ERK, JNK et p38.\n \n \n Le KPV correspond aux trois derniers résidus de l'hormone alpha-MSH, longue de 13 acides aminés. Les études publiées mesurent les voies inflammatoires et la signalisation mélanocortine dans des cultures de kératinocytes (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Les cellules intestinales font entrer le peptide via le transporteur PepT1, ce qui constitue la base mécanistique de la littérature sur les modèles de colite (PMID 18061177).\n \n \n Des essais in vitro ont mesuré la formation de colonies de Staphylococcus aureus ainsi que la viabilité et la formation de tubes germinatifs de Candida albicans sous alpha-MSH et son tripeptide C-terminal (PMID 10670585).\n \n \n La signalisation mélanocortine a été mesurée dans des cultures de kératinocytes humains pour l'alpha-MSH, l'ACTH et le fragment 11-13 côte à côte (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Lys-Pro-Val, environ 342 g/mol. Un tripeptide aussi petit se dissout facilement et est stable sous forme de poudre lyophilisée.\n \n\n\n\n Voie NF-kB\n Fragment alpha-MSH\n Transport PepT1\n Essais antimicrobiens\n Modèles d'inflammation intestinale\n\n\n## Qu'est-ce que le KPV\n\nLe KPV est un tripeptide de trois acides aminés, lysine, proline et valine, correspondant aux positions 11 à 13 de l'alpha-MSH. L'alpha-MSH est une hormone mélanocortine de 13 résidus ; le KPV en est l'extrémité C-terminale et rien de plus, ce qui est précisément pourquoi ce fragment est utilisé comme outil de recherche : il sépare les travaux sur la voie inflammatoire de la pharmacologie de récepteur de l'hormone complète.\n\nAvec environ 342 g/mol, c'est l'une des plus petites molécules du catalogue. Nous le fournissons sous forme lyophilisée (séchée par congélation), le même format utilisé dans les protocoles de recherche publiés.\n\n## Comment cela fonctionne\n\nLa voie la plus systématiquement mesurée est NF-kB. Dans des expériences cellulaires et chez la souris, les critères sont l'activation de NF-kB, la dégradation de son inhibiteur IkB-alpha, la signalisation par les MAP kinases ERK, JNK et p38, et la production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires telles que le TNF-alpha et l'IL-6 (PMID 18061177, PMID 18612139).\n\nDans la littérature intestinale, le mécanisme est plus précis. Les cellules épithéliales intestinales expriment PepT1, un transporteur de di- et tripeptides, et des travaux publiés montrent que le KPV entre dans la cellule par cette voie, ce qui en fait un composé-outil standard dans les modèles de colite DSS et TNBS utilisés comme substituts de la maladie inflammatoire de l'intestin (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346).\n\nUn autre axe de travaux in vitro est antimicrobien. Pour l'alpha-MSH et son tripeptide C-terminal, les critères étaient la formation de colonies de Staphylococcus aureus et la viabilité et la formation de tubes germinatifs de Candida albicans sur une large gamme de concentrations (PMID 10670585). Un troisième axe mesure la signalisation mélanocortine dans des cultures de kératinocytes humains (PMID 15102092).\n\nChacun des résultats ci-dessus provient d'une culture cellulaire ou d'un modèle rongeur. Il n'existe aucun essai humain publié pour ce peptide.\n\nPour la reconstitution, le solvant standard des protocoles publiés est l'eau bactériostatique ou l'eau stérile. Le KPV se dissout proprement et reste limpide une fois mélangé.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Documentation\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n Gastroenterology, 2008 ; voie de transport et modèles de colite murine DSS et TNBS\n Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008 ; protocole de modèle de colite murine\n J Leukoc Biol, 2000 ; essais in vitro contre S. aureus et C. albicans\n Peptides, 2006 ; étude en culture cellulaire du GKPV immobilisé, tétrapeptide alpha-MSH(10-13), une molécule distincte\n Endocr Rev, 2008 ; revue de référence du mécanisme\n J Invest Dermatol, 2004 ; culture cellulaire de kératinocytes\n Ann Rheum Dis, 2007 ; revue de la classe de peptides\n\n\n\nCe matériau est vendu strictement pour la recherche in vitro et l'usage en laboratoire. Non destiné à la consommation humaine ou animale, ni à des applications médicales, cosmétiques ou domestiques. Convient uniquement aux environnements de laboratoire professionnels.\n","shortDescription":"Le KPV est le tripeptide C-terminal de l'alpha-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val (positions 11 à 13). Étudié dans des modèles cellulaires et murins pour la signalisation NF-kB, le transport PepT1 dans les cellules intestinales et l'activité antimicrobienne in vitro. CoA indépendant par lot.","metaTitle":"Acheter KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) 10 mg | UE, CoA","metaDescription":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), le tripeptide alpha-MSH(11-13) : pureté ≥98 %, CoA Janoshik par lot, expédition UE. Usage recherche in vitro uniquement."},{"id":"e48bd3db-7273-4e99-820c-663ca80f9860","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","locale":"nl","name":"KPV","description":"\n \n In cel- en muisexperimenten zijn de eindpunten NF-kB-activatie, afbraak van de remmer IkB-alfa en signalering via ERK-, JNK- en p38-MAP-kinasen.\n \n \n KPV is de laatste drie residuen van het hormoon alfa-MSH van 13 aminozuren. Gepubliceerde studies meten ontstekingsroutes en melanocortinesignalering in keratinocytenkweken (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Darmcellen voeren het peptide naar binnen via de PepT1-transporter, wat de mechanistische basis vormt van de colitismodel-literatuur (PMID 18061177).\n \n \n In-vitro-assays maten kolonievorming van Staphylococcus aureus en de levensvatbaarheid en kiembuisvorming van Candida albicans onder alfa-MSH en het C-terminale tripeptide ervan (PMID 10670585).\n \n \n Melanocortinesignalering is gemeten in humane keratinocytenkweken voor alfa-MSH, ACTH en het 11-13-fragment naast elkaar (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Lys-Pro-Val, ongeveer 342 g/mol. Een tripeptide van deze omvang lost gemakkelijk op en is stabiel als gelyofiliseerd poeder.\n \n\n\n\n NF-kB-route\n alfa-MSH-fragment\n PepT1-transport\n Antimicrobiële assays\n Darmontstekingsmodellen\n\n\n## Wat is KPV\n\nKPV is een tripeptide van drie aminozuren, lysine, proline en valine, overeenkomend met de posities 11 tot 13 van alfa-MSH. Alfa-MSH is een melanocortinehormoon van 13 residuen; KPV is het C-terminale uiteinde ervan en niets anders, en dat is precies waarom het fragment als onderzoekstool wordt gebruikt: het scheidt het werk aan ontstekingsroutes van de receptorfarmacologie van het volledige hormoon.\n\nMet ongeveer 342 g/mol is dit een van de kleinste moleculen in de catalogus. We leveren het in gelyofiliseerde (vriesgedroogde) vorm, hetzelfde formaat dat in gepubliceerde onderzoeksprotocollen wordt gebruikt.\n\n## Hoe het werkt\n\nDe route die het meest consistent wordt gemeten, is NF-kB. In cel- en muisexperimenten zijn de eindpunten NF-kB-activatie, afbraak van de remmer IkB-alfa, signalering via de ERK-, JNK- en p38-MAP-kinasen, en pro-inflammatoire cytokine-output zoals TNF-alfa en IL-6 (PMID 18061177, PMID 18612139).\n\nIn de darmliteratuur is het mechanisme specifieker. Darmepitheelcellen brengen PepT1 tot expressie, een transporter voor di- en tripeptiden, en gepubliceerd werk toont dat KPV via die route de cel binnenkomt, wat het tot een standaard onderzoeksstof maakt in de DSS- en TNBS-colitismodellen die als proxy voor inflammatoire darmziekten worden gebruikt (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346).\n\nEen aparte lijn in-vitrowerk is antimicrobieel. Voor alfa-MSH en het C-terminale tripeptide ervan waren de eindpunten kolonievorming van Staphylococcus aureus en de levensvatbaarheid en kiembuisvorming van Candida albicans over een breed concentratiebereik (PMID 10670585). Een derde lijn meet melanocortinesignalering in humane keratinocytenkweken (PMID 15102092).\n\nElk resultaat hierboven komt uit celkweek of een knaagdiermodel. Er is geen gepubliceerde humane studie van dit peptide.\n\nVoor reconstitutie is het standaardoplosmiddel in gepubliceerde protocollen bacteriostatisch of steriel water. KPV lost helder op en blijft eenmaal gemengd helder.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Documentatie\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n Gastroenterology, 2008; transporterroute plus DSS- en TNBS-muiscolitismodellen\n Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008; opzet van muiscolitismodel\n J Leukoc Biol, 2000; in-vitro-assays tegen S. aureus en C. albicans\n Peptides, 2006; celkweekstudie van geïmmobiliseerd GKPV, het alfa-MSH(10-13)-tetrapeptide, een apart molecuul\n Endocr Rev, 2008; canoniek mechanisme-overzicht\n J Invest Dermatol, 2004; keratinocytencelkweek\n Ann Rheum Dis, 2007; overzicht van de peptideklasse\n\n\n\nDit materiaal wordt uitsluitend verkocht voor in-vitro onderzoek en laboratoriumgebruik. Niet bedoeld voor menselijke of dierlijke consumptie, medische, cosmetische of huishoudelijke toepassingen. Alleen geschikt voor professionele laboratoriumomgevingen.\n","shortDescription":"KPV is het C-terminale tripeptide van alfa-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val (posities 11 tot 13). Onderzocht in cel- en muismodellen voor NF-kB-signalering, PepT1-transport in darmcellen en antimicrobiële activiteit in vitro. Chargespecifiek CoA van een onafhankelijk laboratorium.","metaTitle":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) 10 mg kopen | EU-verzending, CoA","metaDescription":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), het alfa-MSH(11-13)-tripeptide: ≥98% zuiverheid, chargespecifiek Janoshik-CoA, EU-verzending. Alleen in-vitro onderzoek."},{"id":"5ddc74f5-b376-4e82-9c8b-1520ba5381a2","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","locale":"pl","name":"KPV","description":"\n \n W eksperymentach komórkowych i mysich punktami końcowymi są aktywacja NF-kB, rozkład inhibitora IkB-alfa oraz sygnalizacja kinaz MAP ERK, JNK i p38.\n \n \n KPV to ostatnie trzy reszty 13-aminokwasowego hormonu alfa-MSH. Opublikowane badania mierzą szlaki zapalne i sygnalizację melanokortynową w hodowlach keratynocytów (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Komórki jelitowe przenoszą peptyd do wnętrza przez transporter PepT1, co stanowi mechanistyczną podstawę literatury dotyczącej modeli zapalenia jelita grubego (PMID 18061177).\n \n \n Testy in vitro zmierzyły tworzenie kolonii Staphylococcus aureus oraz żywotność i tworzenie rurek kiełkowych Candida albicans pod wpływem alfa-MSH i jego C-końcowego tripeptydu (PMID 10670585).\n \n \n Sygnalizację melanokortynową zmierzono w hodowlach ludzkich keratynocytów równolegle dla alfa-MSH, ACTH i fragmentu 11-13 (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Lys-Pro-Val, około 342 g/mol. Tak mały tripeptyd łatwo się rozpuszcza i jest stabilny w postaci liofilizowanego proszku.\n \n\n\n\n Szlak NF-kB\n Fragment alfa-MSH\n Transport PepT1\n Testy przeciwdrobnoustrojowe\n Modele zapalenia jelit\n\n\n## Czym jest KPV\n\nKPV to tripeptyd złożony z trzech aminokwasów: lizyny, proliny i waliny, odpowiadający pozycjom 11 do 13 alfa-MSH. Alfa-MSH to 13-resztowy hormon melanokortynowy; KPV to jego C-końcowa część i nic więcej, i właśnie dlatego ten fragment jest używany jako narzędzie badawcze: oddziela prace nad szlakiem zapalnym od farmakologii receptorowej pełnej długości hormonu.\n\nPrzy około 342 g/mol jest to jedna z najmniejszych cząsteczek w katalogu. Dostarczamy go w postaci liofilizowanej (suszonej przez zamrażanie), w tym samym formacie, jaki stosuje się w opublikowanych protokołach badawczych.\n\n## Jak to działa\n\nSzlakiem mierzonym najbardziej konsekwentnie jest NF-kB. W eksperymentach komórkowych i mysich punktami końcowymi są aktywacja NF-kB, rozkład jego inhibitora IkB-alfa, sygnalizacja przez kinazy MAP ERK, JNK i p38 oraz produkcja cytokin prozapalnych, takich jak TNF-alfa i IL-6 (PMID 18061177, PMID 18612139).\n\nW literaturze jelitowej mechanizm jest bardziej szczegółowy. Komórki nabłonka jelitowego wykazują ekspresję PepT1, transportera dla di- i tripeptydów, a opublikowane prace pokazują, że KPV wnika do komórki tą drogą, co czyni go standardowym związkiem narzędziowym w modelach zapalenia jelita grubego DSS i TNBS, stosowanych jako zastępczy model nieswoistych chorób zapalnych jelit (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346).\n\nOsobna linia prac in vitro dotyczy działania przeciwdrobnoustrojowego. Dla alfa-MSH i jego C-końcowego tripeptydu punktami końcowymi były tworzenie kolonii Staphylococcus aureus oraz żywotność i tworzenie rurek kiełkowych Candida albicans w szerokim zakresie stężeń (PMID 10670585). Trzeci wątek mierzy sygnalizację melanokortynową w hodowlach ludzkich keratynocytów (PMID 15102092).\n\nKażdy z powyższych wyników pochodzi z hodowli komórkowej lub modelu gryzoni. Nie istnieje żadne opublikowane badanie kliniczne tego peptydu u ludzi.\n\nDo rekonstytucji standardowym rozpuszczalnikiem w opublikowanych protokołach jest woda bakteriostatyczna lub sterylna. KPV rozpuszcza się czysto i pozostaje klarowny po wymieszaniu.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Dokumentacja\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n Gastroenterology, 2008; droga transportera oraz mysie modele zapalenia jelita grubego DSS i TNBS\n Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008; projekt mysiego modelu zapalenia jelita grubego\n J Leukoc Biol, 2000; testy in vitro przeciwko S. aureus i C. albicans\n Peptides, 2006; badanie na hodowli komórkowej unieruchomionego GKPV, tetrapeptydu alfa-MSH(10-13), odrębnej cząsteczki\n Endocr Rev, 2008; kanoniczny przegląd mechanizmu\n J Invest Dermatol, 2004; hodowla komórkowa keratynocytów\n Ann Rheum Dis, 2007; przegląd tej klasy peptydów\n\n\n\nTen materiał jest sprzedawany ściśle do badań in vitro i użytku laboratoryjnego. Nie jest przeznaczony do spożycia przez ludzi ani zwierzęta, ani do zastosowań medycznych, kosmetycznych lub domowych. Nadaje się wyłącznie do profesjonalnych środowisk laboratoryjnych.\n","shortDescription":"KPV to C-końcowy tripeptyd alfa-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val (pozycje 11 do 13). Badany w modelach komórkowych i mysich pod kątem sygnalizacji NF-kB, transportu PepT1 w komórkach jelitowych oraz aktywności przeciwdrobnoustrojowej in vitro. Partiowy CoA od niezależnego laboratorium.","metaTitle":"Kup KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) 10 mg | Wysyłka EU, CoA","metaDescription":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), tripeptyd alfa-MSH(11-13): czystość ≥98%, partiowy CoA Janoshik, wysyłka EU. Wyłącznie do badań in vitro."},{"id":"dd2cdce8-b716-4775-bf9b-61b112cb9435","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","locale":"pt","name":"KPV","description":"\n \n Em experiências celulares e em ratinhos, os parâmetros são a ativação de NF-kB, a degradação do inibidor IkB-alfa e a sinalização das MAP-cinases ERK, JNK e p38.\n \n \n O KPV são os últimos três resíduos da hormona alfa-MSH, de 13 aminoácidos. Os estudos publicados medem vias inflamatórias e a sinalização das melanocortinas em culturas de queratinócitos (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n As células intestinais transportam o péptido para o interior através do transportador PepT1, o que constitui a base mecanística da literatura sobre modelos de colite (PMID 18061177).\n \n \n Ensaios in vitro mediram a formação de colónias de Staphylococcus aureus e a viabilidade e formação de tubo germinativo de Candida albicans sob o efeito da alfa-MSH e do seu tripéptido C-terminal (PMID 10670585).\n \n \n A sinalização das melanocortinas foi medida em culturas de queratinócitos humanos, lado a lado, para a alfa-MSH, o ACTH e o fragmento 11-13 (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Lys-Pro-Val, cerca de 342 g/mol. Um tripéptido desta dimensão dissolve-se facilmente e é estável como pó liofilizado.\n \n\n\n\n Via NF-kB\n Fragmento alfa-MSH\n Transporte por PepT1\n Ensaios antimicrobianos\n Modelos de inflamação intestinal\n\n\n## O que é o KPV\n\nO KPV é um tripéptido de três aminoácidos, lisina, prolina e valina, correspondentes às posições 11 a 13 da alfa-MSH. A alfa-MSH é uma hormona melanocortina de 13 resíduos; o KPV é a extremidade C-terminal dessa hormona e nada mais, o que é precisamente a razão pela qual o fragmento é utilizado como ferramenta de investigação: separa o trabalho sobre a via inflamatória da farmacologia de recetores da hormona completa.\n\nCom cerca de 342 g/mol, esta é uma das moléculas mais pequenas do catálogo. Fornecemo-lo em forma liofilizada (seca por congelação), o mesmo formato utilizado nos protocolos de investigação publicados.\n\n## Como funciona\n\nA via medida de forma mais consistente é a NF-kB. Em experiências celulares e em ratinhos, os parâmetros são a ativação de NF-kB, a degradação do seu inibidor IkB-alfa, a sinalização através das MAP-cinases ERK, JNK e p38, e a produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias como o TNF-alfa e a IL-6 (PMID 18061177, PMID 18612139).\n\nNa literatura intestinal, o mecanismo é mais específico. As células epiteliais intestinais expressam PepT1, um transportador de di- e tripéptidos, e o trabalho publicado mostra o KPV a entrar na célula por essa via, o que faz dele um composto ferramenta padrão nos modelos de colite por DSS e TNBS, utilizados como substitutos da doença inflamatória intestinal (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346).\n\nUma linha separada de trabalho in vitro é antimicrobiana. Para a alfa-MSH e o seu tripéptido C-terminal, os parâmetros foram a formação de colónias de Staphylococcus aureus e a viabilidade e formação de tubo germinativo de Candida albicans, ao longo de uma ampla gama de concentrações (PMID 10670585). Uma terceira linha mede a sinalização das melanocortinas em culturas de queratinócitos humanos (PMID 15102092).\n\nTodos os resultados acima provêm de cultura celular ou de um modelo de roedor. Não existe nenhum ensaio publicado em humanos com este péptido.\n\nPara a reconstituição, o solvente padrão nos protocolos publicados é água bacteriostática ou estéril. O KPV dissolve-se limpamente e permanece transparente depois de misturado.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Documentação\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n Gastroenterology, 2008; via do transportador, mais modelos de colite por DSS e TNBS em ratinhos\n Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008; desenho de modelo de colite em ratinhos\n J Leukoc Biol, 2000; ensaios in vitro contra S. aureus e C. albicans\n Peptides, 2006; estudo em cultura celular do GKPV imobilizado, o tetrapéptido alfa-MSH(10-13), uma molécula distinta\n Endocr Rev, 2008; revisão canónica do mecanismo\n J Invest Dermatol, 2004; cultura celular de queratinócitos\n Ann Rheum Dis, 2007; revisão da classe de péptidos\n\n\n\nEste material é vendido exclusivamente para investigação in vitro e uso laboratorial. Não se destina a consumo humano ou animal, nem a aplicações médicas, cosméticas ou domésticas. Adequado apenas para ambientes laboratoriais profissionais.\n","shortDescription":"O KPV é o tripéptido C-terminal da alfa-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val (posições 11 a 13). Estudado em modelos celulares e em ratinhos quanto à sinalização de NF-kB, ao transporte por PepT1 em células intestinais e à atividade antimicrobiana in vitro. CoA de laboratório independente específico do lote.","metaTitle":"Comprar KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) 10 mg | Envio UE, CoA","metaDescription":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), o tripéptido alfa-MSH(11-13): pureza ≥98%, CoA Janoshik por lote, envio UE. Apenas investigação in vitro."},{"id":"6562ffbe-a088-4882-be74-dbf1f21b7849","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","locale":"ru","name":"KPV","description":"\n \n В клеточных и мышиных экспериментах измеряемыми показателями служат активация NF-kB, распад ингибитора IkB-alpha и сигнализация через MAP-киназы ERK, JNK и p38.\n \n \n KPV - последние три остатка гормона alpha-MSH из 13 аминокислот. Опубликованные исследования измеряют воспалительные пути и меланокортиновую сигнализацию в культурах кератиноцитов (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Клетки кишечника переносят пептид внутрь через транспортёр PepT1, что составляет механистическую основу литературы по моделям колита (PMID 18061177).\n \n \n Анализы in vitro измеряли образование колоний Staphylococcus aureus и жизнеспособность и формирование ростковых трубок Candida albicans под действием alpha-MSH и его C-концевого трипептида (PMID 10670585).\n \n \n Меланокортиновую сигнализацию измеряли в культурах кератиноцитов человека параллельно для alpha-MSH, ACTH и фрагмента 11-13 (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Lys-Pro-Val, около 342 г/моль. Трипептид такого малого размера легко растворяется и стабилен в виде лиофилизированного порошка.\n \n\n\n\n Путь NF-kB\n Фрагмент alpha-MSH\n Транспорт PepT1\n Антимикробные анализы\n Модели кишечного воспаления\n\n\n## Что такое KPV\n\nKPV - трипептид из трёх аминокислот, лизина, пролина и валина, соответствующий положениям 11-13 alpha-MSH. Alpha-MSH - меланокортиновый гормон из 13 остатков; KPV - его C-концевой участок и ничего больше, и именно поэтому этот фрагмент используется как исследовательский инструмент: он отделяет работу по воспалительному пути от рецепторной фармакологии полноразмерного гормона.\n\nПри массе около 342 г/моль это одна из самых маленьких молекул в каталоге. Мы поставляем его в лиофилизированной (высушенной вымораживанием) форме - том же формате, что используется в опубликованных исследовательских протоколах.\n\n## Как это работает\n\nНаиболее последовательно измеряемый путь - NF-kB. В клеточных и мышиных экспериментах измеряемыми показателями служат активация NF-kB, распад его ингибитора IkB-alpha, сигнализация через MAP-киназы ERK, JNK и p38 и выработка провоспалительных цитокинов, таких как TNF-alpha и IL-6 (PMID 18061177, PMID 18612139).\n\nВ кишечной литературе механизм более конкретен. Эпителиальные клетки кишечника экспрессируют PepT1 - транспортёр ди- и трипептидов, и опубликованные работы показывают, что KPV проникает в клетку именно этим путём, что делает его стандартным инструментальным соединением в моделях колита DSS и TNBS, используемых как заменители воспалительных заболеваний кишечника (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346).\n\nОтдельное направление работ in vitro - антимикробное. Для alpha-MSH и его C-концевого трипептида измеряемыми показателями были образование колоний Staphylococcus aureus и жизнеспособность и формирование ростковых трубок Candida albicans в широком диапазоне концентраций (PMID 10670585). Третье направление измеряет меланокортиновую сигнализацию в культурах кератиноцитов человека (PMID 15102092).\n\nКаждый из приведённых выше результатов получен из клеточной культуры или модели на грызунах. Опубликованного испытания этого пептида на людях не существует.\n\nДля восстановления стандартным растворителем в опубликованных протоколах служит бактериостатическая или стерильная вода. KPV растворяется без остатка и остаётся прозрачным после смешивания.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Документация\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n Gastroenterology, 2008; путь через транспортёр плюс мышиные модели колита DSS и TNBS\n Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008; дизайн мышиной модели колита\n J Leukoc Biol, 2000; анализы in vitro против S. aureus и C. albicans\n Peptides, 2006; клеточное исследование иммобилизованного GKPV, тетрапептида alpha-MSH(10-13), отдельной молекулы\n Endocr Rev, 2008; канонический обзор механизма действия\n J Invest Dermatol, 2004; культура клеток кератиноцитов\n Ann Rheum Dis, 2007; обзор класса пептидов\n\n\n\nЭтот материал продаётся исключительно для исследований in vitro и лабораторного использования. Не предназначен для употребления человеком или животными, для медицинского, косметического или бытового применения. Подходит только для профессиональных лабораторных условий.\n","shortDescription":"KPV - C-концевой трипептид alpha-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val (положения 11-13). Изучается в клеточных и мышиных моделях в связи с сигнализацией NF-kB, транспортом через PepT1 в клетках кишечника и антимикробной активностью in vitro. CoA независимой лаборатории для партии.","metaTitle":"Купить KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) 10 мг | доставка по ЕС, CoA","metaDescription":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), трипептид alpha-MSH(11-13): чистота ≥98%, CoA Janoshik для партии, доставка по ЕС. Только исследования in vitro."},{"id":"3d7f46ec-fe0f-4d18-8273-cbf4d0eea0ae","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","locale":"sv","name":"KPV","description":"\n \n I cell- och musexperiment är utfallsmåtten NF-kB-aktivering, nedbrytning av hämmaren IkB-alfa och ERK-, JNK- och p38-MAP-kinassignalering.\n \n \n KPV är de tre sista resterna av det 13-aminosyra-hormonet alfa-MSH. Publicerade studier mäter inflammatoriska signalvägar och melanokortinsignalering i keratinocytkulturer (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Tarmceller transporterar peptiden inåt genom PepT1-transportören, vilket är den mekanistiska grunden för kolitmodell-litteraturen (PMID 18061177).\n \n \n In vitro-analyser mätte kolonibildning av Staphylococcus aureus och viabilitet samt groddrörsbildning hos Candida albicans under alfa-MSH och dess C-terminala tripeptid (PMID 10670585).\n \n \n Melanokortinsignalering har mätts i humana keratinocytkulturer för alfa-MSH, ACTH och 11-13-fragmentet sida vid sida (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Lys-Pro-Val, cirka 342 g/mol. En så liten tripeptid löses lätt och är stabil som lyofiliserat pulver.\n \n\n\n\n NF-kB-vägen\n Alfa-MSH-fragment\n PepT1-transport\n Antimikrobiella analyser\n Tarminflammationsmodeller\n\n\n## Vad är KPV\n\nKPV är en tripeptid av tre aminosyror, lysin, prolin och valin, motsvarande positionerna 11 till 13 av alfa-MSH. Alfa-MSH är ett melanokortinhormon med 13 rester; KPV är dess C-terminala ände och inget annat, vilket är precis anledningen till att fragmentet används som forskningsverktyg: det separerar arbetet om den inflammatoriska signalvägen från receptorfarmakologin hos hela hormonet.\n\nVid cirka 342 g/mol är detta en av de minsta molekylerna i katalogen. Vi levererar det i lyofiliserad (frystorkad) form, samma format som används i publicerade forskningsprotokoll.\n\n## Hur det fungerar\n\nDen mest konsekvent uppmätta vägen är NF-kB. I cell- och musexperiment är utfallsmåtten NF-kB-aktivering, nedbrytning av dess hämmare IkB-alfa, signalering genom ERK-, JNK- och p38-MAP-kinaserna, och proinflammatoriskt cytokinutfall som TNF-alfa och IL-6 (PMID 18061177, PMID 18612139).\n\nI tarmlitteraturen är mekanismen mer specifik. Tarmepitelceller uttrycker PepT1, en transportör för di- och tripeptider, och publicerat arbete visar att KPV tar sig in i cellen via den vägen, vilket är vad som gör den till en standardverktygssubstans i DSS- och TNBS-kolitmodellerna som används som ersättningsmodeller för inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346).\n\nEn separat linje av in vitro-arbete är antimikrobiell. För alfa-MSH och dess C-terminala tripeptid var utfallsmåtten kolonibildning av Staphylococcus aureus samt viabilitet och groddrörsbildning hos Candida albicans över ett brett koncentrationsintervall (PMID 10670585). En tredje gren mäter melanokortinsignalering i humana keratinocytkulturer (PMID 15102092).\n\nVarje resultat ovan kommer från cellkultur eller en gnagarmodell. Det finns ingen publicerad studie på människa av denna peptid.\n\nFör rekonstitution är standardlösningsmedlet i publicerade protokoll bakteriostatiskt eller sterilt vatten. KPV löser sig rent och förblir klar när den blandats.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Dokumentation\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n Gastroenterology, 2008; transportörvägen plus DSS- och TNBS-muskolitmodeller\n Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008; muskolitmodelldesign\n J Leukoc Biol, 2000; in vitro-analyser mot S. aureus och C. albicans\n Peptides, 2006; cellkulturstudie av immobiliserat GKPV, alfa-MSH(10-13)-tetrapeptiden, en annan molekyl\n Endocr Rev, 2008; kanonisk mekanismöversikt\n J Invest Dermatol, 2004; keratinocytcellkultur\n Ann Rheum Dis, 2007; översikt av peptidklassen\n\n\n\nDetta material säljs uteslutande för in vitro-forskning och laboratoriebruk. Inte avsett för konsumtion av människor eller djur, medicinsk, kosmetisk eller hushållsanvändning. Endast lämpligt för professionella laboratoriemiljöer.\n","shortDescription":"KPV är den C-terminala tripeptiden av alfa-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val (positionerna 11 till 13). Studerad i cell- och musmodeller för NF-kB-signalering, PepT1-transport i tarmceller och antimikrobiell aktivitet in vitro. Batchspecifik tredjeparts-CoA.","metaTitle":"Köp KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) 10 mg | EU-frakt, CoA","metaDescription":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), alfa-MSH(11-13)-tripeptiden: ≥98% renhet, batchspecifik Janoshik CoA, EU-frakt. Endast för in vitro-forskning."},{"id":"119390ad-4e71-48f5-b0bc-7d87ea77ebb9","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","locale":"cs","name":"KPV","description":"\n \n V buněčných a myších experimentech jsou sledovanými parametry aktivace NF-kB, rozklad inhibitoru IkB-alfa a signalizace kináz ERK, JNK a p38 MAP.\n \n \n KPV tvoří poslední tři zbytky 13aminokyselinového hormonu alfa-MSH. Publikované studie měří zánětlivé dráhy a melanokortinovou signalizaci v kulturách keratinocytů (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Střevní buňky přenášejí peptid dovnitř přes transportér PepT1, což je mechanistický základ literatury o modelech kolitidy (PMID 18061177).\n \n \n In vitro testy měřily tvorbu kolonií Staphylococcus aureus a životaschopnost a tvorbu klíčících vláken Candida albicans pod vlivem alfa-MSH a jeho C-terminálního tripeptidu (PMID 10670585).\n \n \n Melanokortinová signalizace byla měřena v kulturách lidských keratinocytů pro alfa-MSH, ACTH a fragment 11-13 vedle sebe (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Lys-Pro-Val, přibližně 342 g/mol. Tak malý tripeptid se snadno rozpouští a je stabilní jako lyofilizovaný prášek.\n \n\n\n\n Dráha NF-kB\n Fragment alfa-MSH\n Transport PepT1\n Antimikrobiální testy\n Modely střevního zánětu\n\n\n## Co je KPV\n\nKPV je tripeptid tří aminokyselin, lysinu, prolinu a valinu, odpovídající pozicím 11 až 13 alfa-MSH. Alfa-MSH je 13zbytkový melanokortinový hormon; KPV je jeho C-terminální konec a nic víc, což je přesně důvod, proč se tento fragment používá jako výzkumný nástroj: odděluje práci na zánětlivé dráze od receptorové farmakologie hormonu v plné délce.\n\nPři přibližně 342 g/mol jde o jednu z nejmenších molekul v katalogu. Dodáváme jej v lyofilizované (mrazem sušené) formě, ve stejném formátu, jaký se používá v publikovaných výzkumných protokolech.\n\n## Jak to funguje\n\nNejdůsledněji měřenou dráhou je NF-kB. V buněčných a myších experimentech jsou sledovanými parametry aktivace NF-kB, rozklad jeho inhibitoru IkB-alfa, signalizace přes MAP kinázy ERK, JNK a p38 a produkce prozánětlivých cytokinů, jako je TNF-alfa a IL-6 (PMID 18061177, PMID 18612139).\n\nVe střevní literatuře je mechanismus konkrétnější. Střevní epitelové buňky exprimují PepT1, transportér pro di- a tripeptidy, a publikovaná práce ukazuje, že KPV vstupuje do buňky touto cestou, což z něj dělá standardní nástrojovou látku v modelech kolitidy DSS a TNBS používaných jako náhrada za nespecifické střevní záněty (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346).\n\nSamostatná linie in vitro práce je antimikrobiální. Pro alfa-MSH a jeho C-terminální tripeptid byly sledovanými parametry tvorba kolonií Staphylococcus aureus a životaschopnost a tvorba klíčících vláken Candida albicans napříč širokým rozmezím koncentrací (PMID 10670585). Třetí linie měří melanokortinovou signalizaci v kulturách lidských keratinocytů (PMID 15102092).\n\nKaždý výsledek výše pochází z buněčné kultury nebo hlodavčího modelu. Neexistuje žádná publikovaná studie tohoto peptidu u lidí.\n\nPro rekonstituci je standardním rozpouštědlem v publikovaných protokolech bakteriostatická nebo sterilní voda. KPV se čistě rozpouští a po smíchání zůstává čiré.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Dokumentace\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n Gastroenterology, 2008; transportní cesta plus myší modely kolitidy DSS a TNBS\n Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008; design myšího modelu kolitidy\n J Leukoc Biol, 2000; in vitro testy proti S. aureus a C. albicans\n Peptides, 2006; buněčná studie imobilizovaného GKPV, tetrapeptidu alfa-MSH(10-13), odlišné molekuly\n Endocr Rev, 2008; kanonický přehled mechanismu\n J Invest Dermatol, 2004; kultura lidských keratinocytů\n Ann Rheum Dis, 2007; přehled této třídy peptidů\n\n\n\nTento materiál se prodává výhradně pro in vitro výzkum a laboratorní použití. Není určen k lidské ani zvířecí konzumaci, k medicínskému, kosmetickému ani domácímu použití. Vhodný pouze pro profesionální laboratorní prostředí.\n","shortDescription":"KPV je C-terminální tripeptid alfa-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val (pozice 11 až 13). Zkoumán na buněčných a myších modelech z hlediska signalizace NF-kB, transportu PepT1 ve střevních buňkách a antimikrobiální aktivity in vitro. CoA od nezávislé laboratoře pro každou šarži.","metaTitle":"Koupit KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) 10 mg | EU doručení, CoA","metaDescription":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), tripeptid alfa-MSH(11-13): čistota ≥98 %, CoA Janoshik pro každou šarži, doručení po EU. Pouze pro in vitro výzkum."},{"id":"cc8305b2-6cc4-4f8a-904a-46e20d162865","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","locale":"it","name":"KPV","description":"\n \n Negli esperimenti su cellule e topo, gli endpoint sono l'attivazione di NF-kB, la degradazione dell'inibitore IkB-alfa e la segnalazione delle MAP-chinasi ERK, JNK e p38.\n \n \n Il KPV è costituito dagli ultimi tre residui dell'ormone alfa-MSH di 13 amminoacidi. Gli studi pubblicati misurano le vie infiammatorie e la segnalazione melanocortinica in colture di cheratinociti (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Le cellule intestinali trasportano il peptide verso l'interno attraverso il trasportatore PepT1, la base meccanicistica della letteratura sui modelli di colite (PMID 18061177).\n \n \n Saggi in vitro hanno misurato la formazione di colonie di Staphylococcus aureus e la vitalità e la formazione di tubi germinativi di Candida albicans sotto alfa-MSH e il suo tripeptide C-terminale (PMID 10670585).\n \n \n La segnalazione melanocortinica è stata misurata in colture di cheratinociti umani per alfa-MSH, ACTH e il frammento 11-13 fianco a fianco (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Lys-Pro-Val, circa 342 g/mol. Un tripeptide così piccolo si scioglie facilmente ed è stabile come polvere liofilizzata.\n \n\n\n\n Via NF-kB\n Frammento alfa-MSH\n Trasporto PepT1\n Saggi antimicrobici\n Modelli di infiammazione intestinale\n\n\n## Cos'è il KPV\n\nIl KPV è un tripeptide di tre amminoacidi, lisina, prolina e valina, corrispondente alle posizioni da 11 a 13 dell'alfa-MSH. L'alfa-MSH è un ormone melanocortinico di 13 residui; il KPV è la sua estremità C-terminale e nient'altro, ed è esattamente per questo che il frammento viene usato come strumento di ricerca: separa il lavoro sulle vie infiammatorie dalla farmacologia recettoriale dell'ormone a lunghezza intera.\n\nCon circa 342 g/mol, questa è una delle molecole più piccole del catalogo. Lo forniamo in forma liofilizzata (essiccata per congelamento), lo stesso formato usato nei protocolli di ricerca pubblicati.\n\n## Come agisce\n\nLa via misurata con maggiore costanza è NF-kB. Negli esperimenti su cellule e topo, gli endpoint sono l'attivazione di NF-kB, la degradazione del suo inibitore IkB-alfa, la segnalazione attraverso le MAP chinasi ERK, JNK e p38, e la produzione di citochine pro-infiammatorie come TNF-alfa e IL-6 (PMID 18061177, PMID 18612139).\n\nNella letteratura intestinale il meccanismo è più specifico. Le cellule epiteliali intestinali esprimono PepT1, un trasportatore per di- e tripeptidi, e il lavoro pubblicato mostra il KPV entrare nella cellula attraverso quella via, il che lo rende un composto strumento standard nei modelli di colite DSS e TNBS usati come proxy per la malattia infiammatoria intestinale (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346).\n\nUn filone separato di lavoro in vitro è antimicrobico. Per l'alfa-MSH e il suo tripeptide C-terminale gli endpoint erano la formazione di colonie di Staphylococcus aureus e la vitalità e la formazione di tubi germinativi di Candida albicans su un ampio intervallo di concentrazioni (PMID 10670585). Un terzo filone misura la segnalazione melanocortinica in colture di cheratinociti umani (PMID 15102092).\n\nOgni risultato sopra riportato proviene da coltura cellulare o da un modello di roditore. Non esiste alcuno studio pubblicato sull'uomo per questo peptide.\n\nPer la ricostituzione, il solvente standard nei protocolli pubblicati è acqua batteriostatica o sterile. Il KPV si scioglie in modo pulito e resta limpido una volta miscelato.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Documentazione\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n Gastroenterology, 2008; via del trasportatore più modelli di colite nel topo DSS e TNBS\n Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008; disegno di modello di colite nel topo\n J Leukoc Biol, 2000; saggi in vitro contro S. aureus e C. albicans\n Peptides, 2006; studio su coltura cellulare del GKPV immobilizzato, il tetrapeptide alfa-MSH(10-13), una molecola distinta\n Endocr Rev, 2008; rassegna canonica del meccanismo\n J Invest Dermatol, 2004; coltura di cheratinociti\n Ann Rheum Dis, 2007; rassegna della classe di peptidi\n\n\n\nQuesto materiale è venduto esclusivamente per uso di ricerca in vitro e di laboratorio. Non destinato al consumo umano o animale, né ad applicazioni mediche, cosmetiche o domestiche. Adatto solo ad ambienti di laboratorio professionali.\n","shortDescription":"Il KPV è il tripeptide C-terminale dell'alfa-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val (posizioni da 11 a 13). Studiato in modelli cellulari e nel topo per la segnalazione NF-kB, il trasporto PepT1 nelle cellule intestinali e l'attività antimicrobica in vitro. CoA di terze parti specifico per lotto.","metaTitle":"Acquista KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) 10 mg | Spedizione UE, CoA","metaDescription":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), il tripeptide alfa-MSH(11-13): purezza ≥98%, CoA Janoshik per lotto, spedizione UE. Solo per ricerca in vitro."},{"id":"472ede86-680d-4943-8857-01c67e320f76","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","locale":"es","name":"KPV","description":"\n \n En experimentos celulares y en ratones, las variables son la activación de NF-kB, la degradación del inhibidor IkB-alfa y la señalización de las MAP-quinasas ERK, JNK y p38.\n \n \n El KPV son los tres últimos residuos de la hormona de 13 aminoácidos alfa-MSH. Los estudios publicados miden vías inflamatorias y señalización melanocortina en cultivos de queratinocitos (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Las células intestinales transportan el péptido hacia el interior a través del transportador PepT1, que es la base mecanística de la bibliografía sobre modelos de colitis (PMID 18061177).\n \n \n Los ensayos in vitro midieron la formación de colonias de Staphylococcus aureus y la viabilidad y formación de tubo germinal de Candida albicans bajo alfa-MSH y su tripéptido C-terminal (PMID 10670585).\n \n \n La señalización melanocortina se ha medido en cultivos de queratinocitos humanos para la alfa-MSH, la ACTH y el fragmento 11-13 en paralelo (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Lys-Pro-Val, unos 342 g/mol. Un tripéptido tan pequeño se disuelve con facilidad y es estable como polvo liofilizado.\n \n\n\n\n Vía NF-kB\n Fragmento de alfa-MSH\n Transporte por PepT1\n Ensayos antimicrobianos\n Modelos de inflamación intestinal\n\n\n## Qué es el KPV\n\nEl KPV es un tripéptido de tres aminoácidos, lisina, prolina y valina, correspondiente a las posiciones 11 a 13 de la alfa-MSH. La alfa-MSH es una hormona melanocortina de 13 residuos; el KPV es su extremo C-terminal y nada más, y es precisamente por eso por lo que el fragmento se usa como herramienta de investigación: separa el trabajo sobre la vía inflamatoria de la farmacología de receptor de la hormona completa.\n\nCon unos 342 g/mol, es una de las moléculas más pequeñas del catálogo. Lo suministramos en forma liofilizada (secada por congelación), el mismo formato empleado en los protocolos de investigación publicados.\n\n## Cómo funciona\n\nLa vía medida de forma más consistente es la de NF-kB. En experimentos celulares y en ratones, las variables son la activación de NF-kB, la degradación de su inhibidor IkB-alfa, la señalización a través de las MAP-quinasas ERK, JNK y p38, y la producción de citocinas proinflamatorias como el TNF-alfa y la IL-6 (PMID 18061177, PMID 18612139).\n\nEn la bibliografía intestinal el mecanismo es más específico. Las células epiteliales intestinales expresan PepT1, un transportador de di- y tripéptidos, y el trabajo publicado muestra que el KPV entra en la célula por esa vía, lo que lo convierte en un compuesto herramienta habitual en los modelos de colitis por DSS y TNBS usados como sustitutos de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346).\n\nUna línea distinta de trabajo in vitro es antimicrobiana. Para la alfa-MSH y su tripéptido C-terminal, las variables fueron la formación de colonias de Staphylococcus aureus y la viabilidad y formación de tubo germinal de Candida albicans en un amplio rango de concentraciones (PMID 10670585). Una tercera línea mide la señalización melanocortina en cultivos de queratinocitos humanos (PMID 15102092).\n\nTodos los resultados anteriores proceden de cultivo celular o de un modelo en roedores. No existe ningún ensayo publicado en humanos con este péptido.\n\nPara la reconstitución, el disolvente habitual en los protocolos publicados es agua bacteriostática o estéril. El KPV se disuelve limpiamente y permanece transparente una vez preparado.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Documentación\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n Gastroenterology, 2008; vía del transportador más modelos de colitis en ratones por DSS y TNBS\n Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008; diseño de modelo de colitis en ratones\n J Leukoc Biol, 2000; ensayos in vitro frente a S. aureus y C. albicans\n Peptides, 2006; estudio de cultivo celular con GKPV inmovilizado, el tetrapéptido alfa-MSH(10-13), una molécula distinta\n Endocr Rev, 2008; revisión canónica del mecanismo\n J Invest Dermatol, 2004; cultivo celular de queratinocitos\n Ann Rheum Dis, 2007; revisión de la clase de péptidos\n\n\n\nEste material se vende exclusivamente para uso en investigación in vitro y de laboratorio. No está destinado al consumo humano ni animal, ni a aplicaciones médicas, cosméticas o domésticas. Apto únicamente para entornos de laboratorio profesionales.\n","shortDescription":"El KPV es el tripéptido C-terminal de la alfa-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val (posiciones 11 a 13). Estudiado en modelos celulares y en ratones por la señalización de NF-kB, el transporte por PepT1 en células intestinales y la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro. CoA de terceros específico de lote.","metaTitle":"Comprar KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) 10 mg | Envío UE, CoA","metaDescription":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), el tripéptido alfa-MSH(11-13): pureza ≥98 %, CoA Janoshik específico de lote, envío UE. Solo para investigación in vitro."},{"id":"619e2899-e14d-474d-bb65-1b34b359d2e5","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","locale":"da","name":"KPV","description":"\n \n I celle- og museforsøg er endepunkterne NF-kB-aktivering, nedbrydning af hæmmeren IkB-alfa og ERK-, JNK- og p38-MAP-kinase-signalering.\n \n \n KPV er de sidste tre rester af det 13-aminosyre hormon alfa-MSH. Publicerede studier måler inflammatoriske signalveje og melanocortinsignalering i keratinocytkulturer (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Tarmceller transporterer peptidet ind gennem PepT1-transportøren, hvilket er det mekanistiske grundlag for colitismodel-litteraturen (PMID 18061177).\n \n \n In vitro-assays målte kolonidannelse af Staphylococcus aureus samt levedygtighed og kimrørsdannelse af Candida albicans under alfa-MSH og dets C-terminale tripeptid (PMID 10670585).\n \n \n Melanocortinsignalering er blevet målt i humane keratinocytkulturer for alfa-MSH, ACTH og 11-13-fragmentet side om side (PMID 15102092).\n \n \n Lys-Pro-Val, omkring 342 g/mol. Et tripeptid af denne størrelse opløses let og er stabilt som et lyofiliseret pulver.\n \n\n\n\n NF-kB-signalvej\n alfa-MSH-fragment\n PepT1-transport\n Antimikrobielle assays\n Tarminflammationsmodeller\n\n\n## Hvad er KPV\n\nKPV er et tripeptid af tre aminosyrer, lysin, prolin og valin, svarende til positionerne 11 til 13 af alfa-MSH. Alfa-MSH er et 13-residuers melanocortinhormon; KPV er den C-terminale ende af det og intet andet, hvilket er præcis grunden til, at fragmentet bruges som forskningsredskab: det adskiller arbejdet med den inflammatoriske signalvej fra receptorfarmakologien for hele hormonet.\n\nVed omkring 342 g/mol er dette et af de mindste molekyler i kataloget. Vi leverer det i lyofiliseret (frysetørret) form, det samme format der anvendes i publicerede forskningsprotokoller.\n\n## Sådan virker det\n\nDen signalvej, der mest konsekvent måles, er NF-kB. I celle- og museforsøg er endepunkterne NF-kB-aktivering, nedbrydning af dets hæmmer IkB-alfa, signalering gennem ERK-, JNK- og p38-MAP-kinaserne, og produktion af pro-inflammatoriske cytokiner som TNF-alfa og IL-6 (PMID 18061177, PMID 18612139).\n\nI tarmlitteraturen er mekanismen mere specifik. Tarmens epitelceller udtrykker PepT1, en transportør for di- og tripeptider, og publiceret arbejde viser KPV, der trænger ind i cellen ad den vej, hvilket er det, der gør det til en standard værktøjsforbindelse i DSS- og TNBS-colitismodellerne, der bruges som proxier for inflammatorisk tarmsygdom (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346).\n\nEn separat linje af in vitro-arbejde er antimikrobielt. For alfa-MSH og dets C-terminale tripeptid var endepunkterne kolonidannelse af Staphylococcus aureus samt levedygtighed og kimrørsdannelse af Candida albicans på tværs af et bredt koncentrationsinterval (PMID 10670585). En tredje gren måler melanocortinsignalering i humane keratinocytkulturer (PMID 15102092).\n\nHvert resultat ovenfor stammer fra cellekultur eller en gnavermodel. Der findes intet publiceret humant forsøg med dette peptid.\n\nTil rekonstitution er standardopløsningsmidlet i publicerede protokoller bakteriostatisk eller sterilt vand. KPV opløses rent og forbliver klart, når det er blandet.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Dokumentation\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n Gastroenterology, 2008; transportørvej samt DSS- og TNBS-musecolitismodeller\n Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008; musecolitismodel\n J Leukoc Biol, 2000; in vitro-assays mod S. aureus og C. albicans\n Peptides, 2006; cellekulturstudie af immobiliseret GKPV, alfa-MSH(10-13)-tetrapeptidet, et separat molekyle\n Endocr Rev, 2008; kanonisk mekanismeoversigt\n J Invest Dermatol, 2004; keratinocytcellekultur\n Ann Rheum Dis, 2007; oversigt over peptidklassen\n\n\n\nDette materiale sælges udelukkende til in vitro-forskning og laboratoriebrug. Ikke beregnet til human eller animalsk indtagelse, medicinsk, kosmetisk eller husholdningsmæssig anvendelse. Kun egnet til professionelle laboratoriemiljøer.\n","shortDescription":"KPV er det C-terminale tripeptid af alfa-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val (positionerne 11 til 13). Undersøgt i celle- og musemodeller for NF-kB-signalering, PepT1-transport i tarmceller og antimikrobiel aktivitet in vitro. Batchspecifik CoA fra uafhængigt laboratorium.","metaTitle":"Køb KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) 10 mg | EU-forsendelse, CoA","metaDescription":"KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), alfa-MSH(11-13)-tripeptidet: ≥98% renhed, batchspecifik Janoshik-CoA, EU-forsendelse. Kun til in vitro-forskning."}],"variants":[{"id":"3283a576-440b-43e3-b2d9-d21cca9983ad","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","sku":"PD-KPV-10MG","dosage":"10mg","price":41.99,"compareAtPrice":46.99,"stock":41,"maxQuantityPerOrder":0,"weight":null,"isDefault":true,"isVisible":true}],"labReports":[{"id":"e1e38f65-933d-4ec9-8843-fb0891cfcf0e","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","batchNumber":"Purple","testDate":"2026-03-25T00:00:00.000Z","labName":"Janoshik","reportUrl":"https://peptidesdirect.io/media/pep-shop/documents/7e8fcb6cc89cae402777706f1b465032.png","verificationUrl":"https://verify.janoshik.com/tests/124453_5J6YW8ZC2WTC","publicCode":null,"purity":99.03,"content":"36.36 mg","source":"manufacturer","testedIdentity":true,"testedPurity":true,"testedContent":true,"testedMicrobial":false,"testedEndotoxin":false,"testedHeavyMetals":false,"endotoxinEuMg":null,"heavyMetalsPass":null,"microbialPass":null,"createdAt":"2026-04-19T19:57:40.257Z"},{"id":"9060786c-36b5-41ff-9170-dcbdd1179978","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","batchNumber":"KP10526 (Black cap)","testDate":"2026-06-29T00:00:00.000Z","labName":"Kovera Labs","reportUrl":"https://peptidesdirect.io/media/pep-shop/documents/kpv-coa-kovera.jpg","verificationUrl":"https://koveralabs.com/#/verify?t=c9fdfddd8aaaa8846fd870f1","publicCode":null,"purity":99.54,"content":"10.14 mg","source":"community","testedIdentity":true,"testedPurity":true,"testedContent":true,"testedMicrobial":false,"testedEndotoxin":false,"testedHeavyMetals":false,"endotoxinEuMg":null,"heavyMetalsPass":null,"microbialPass":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-10T19:01:29.297Z"}],"tags":[],"images":[{"id":"c0d93ea6-4f2b-4fba-a271-3255c3933963","productId":"61909ab7-0856-42bb-9146-c15a8867d480","url":"https://peptidesdirect.io/media/pep-shop/images/kpv__10mg__obsidian-2026-08.jpg","alt":"KPV 10mg vial","sortOrder":0,"variantId":"3283a576-440b-43e3-b2d9-d21cca9983ad","createdAt":"2026-08-18T12:46:58.523Z"}],"faqs":[{"locale":"en","question":"What is KPV?","answer":"KPV is a tripeptide of three amino acids (lysine, proline, valine), the C-terminal fragment of alpha-MSH. It is studied in research for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.","sortOrder":0},{"locale":"en","question":"How should I store KPV?","answer":"Lyophilized KPV is commonly kept at -20°C for longer storage or at 2-8°C (refrigerator) for short-term storage. After reconstitution, the usual laboratory convention is refrigeration at 2-8°C and use within about 30 days; this is standard peptide-handling practice, not a stability result measured for this product. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.","sortOrder":1},{"locale":"en","question":"What purity is your KPV?","answer":"Every batch of KPV ships with a certificate of analysis from Janoshik Analytical, an independent third-party laboratory, at a minimum purity of 98%. We do not run a lab ourselves: the manufacturer commissions this test, and we pass the report on unchanged, with an online verification link on the product page. This batch also carries a second, independent test from Kovera Labs, commissioned outside the manufacturer.","sortOrder":2},{"locale":"en","question":"How do I reconstitute KPV?","answer":"Add bacteriostatic water slowly along the inside wall of the vial. Do not shake - gently swirl until the powder is fully dissolved. Typical reconstitution uses 1-2 mL of bacteriostatic water per vial. Allow the solution to clear before use.","sortOrder":3},{"locale":"en","question":"How is KPV thought to reduce inflammation, mechanistically?","answer":"In cell and mouse experiments KPV enters the cell through the intestinal PepT1 transporter, and the measured endpoints are NF-kB activation, breakdown of the inhibitor IkB-alpha, and ERK, JNK and p38 MAP-kinase signalling (PMID 18061177). The same paper measured colonic myeloperoxidase activity in DSS and TNBS colitis models, and IL-8 mRNA induction in cell culture. A second paper used melanocortin-1-receptor-deficient mice in a colitis model, which is how that literature separates MC1R-dependent from MC1R-independent pathways (PMID 18092346). This is a cell and mouse mechanism, not something measured in a person.","sortOrder":5},{"locale":"en","question":"Is KPV approved by the FDA, EMA, or any other regulator?","answer":"No. KPV has no marketing authorization from the FDA, EMA, or any other medicines regulator for any use in humans, and it is not an ingredient in any approved drug. It exists in the published literature only as a preclinical research compound tested in mice and cell culture, and it is sold here strictly for laboratory and research use, not for human consumption.","sortOrder":10},{"locale":"en","question":"What does our own third-party CoA show for KPV, and how can a specific batch be verified?","answer":"Our current Purple batch was tested by Janoshik Analytical, the lab the manufacturer commissions, at 99.03% purity, verifiable at verify.janoshik.com under test ID 124453_5J6YW8ZC2WTC. A second batch on record, labeled KP10526 (Black cap), was tested by Kovera Labs at 99.54% purity and 10.14 mg content; this one was submitted through our community-testing program by a customer, not commissioned by us or the manufacturer, and is verifiable at koveralabs.com with its own token. We do not run a laboratory ourselves, so match the batch code printed on your vial to the corresponding report rather than assuming either number applies to every vial we ship.","sortOrder":11},{"locale":"en","question":"Is KPV the same thing as alpha-MSH or Melanotan?","answer":"No. KPV is only the last three amino acids of the 13-amino-acid alpha-MSH hormone (lysine, proline, valine, positions 11 to 13), and the published KPV studies measure inflammatory-pathway endpoints, alongside melanocortin signalling in keratinocyte cultures (PMID 15102092). Melanotan-2 is a different molecule entirely, a synthetic cyclic analogue built on the full alpha-MSH sequence, with its own separate literature. All three share a parent hormone, which is why the names get confused, but the mouse colitis data behind KPV (PMID 18061177, PMID 18092346) says nothing about Melanotan-2 or full-length alpha-MSH, and the reverse is equally true.","sortOrder":14},{"locale":"en","question":"How does KPV compare to BPC-157, since both are studied around gut and tissue models?","answer":"The mechanisms differ. BPC-157 research centres on angiogenesis and growth-factor signalling in rat connective-tissue models, while KPV research centres on blocking inflammatory signalling, NF-kB and the MAP kinases, in mouse gut-inflammation models (PMID 18061177). Both bodies of work cited here are preclinical, from cell and rodent models. Their literatures overlap only in intestinal tissue, since both appear in models of gut damage, but they are two different molecules with two different proposed mechanisms, not interchangeable substitutes.","sortOrder":16},{"locale":"en","question":"What water should be used to reconstitute KPV, bacteriostatic water or preservative-free sterile water, and how much should be added per vial?","answer":"Our 10 mg KPV vial takes standard bacteriostatic (BAC) water, the same lab-reagent water we use across our lyophilized catalogue: add it slowly down the inside vial wall, then swirl gently, never shake. Adding 1 to 2 mL sets a working concentration of roughly 5 to 10 mg/mL for measurement; more or less water changes only the concentration, not the total peptide content. The benzyl alcohol in BAC water preserves a reconstituted vial for weeks rather than days. The benzyl-alcohol-sensitivity claim circulating online traces back to a documented risk in premature infants given large intravenous amounts, not to routine handling of a laboratory reagent; if a protocol calls for preservative-free sterile water instead, use that vial promptly, since it no longer resists microbial growth.","sortOrder":17},{"locale":"en","question":"How long does reconstituted KPV remain stable, and does it need to be refrigerated, frozen, or kept out of light?","answer":"The unopened, lyophilized KPV vial is commonly kept refrigerated short-term or frozen for longer-term, protected from light and moisture; lyophilized powder is markedly more stable than reconstituted solution. After reconstitution with bacteriostatic water, the usual laboratory convention is refrigeration at 2 to 8°C, protection from direct light, and avoiding repeated freeze-thaw cycles, since refreezing stresses a peptide solution more than steady refrigeration does. Consistent with the 2 to 4 week window we use for other reconstituted lyophilized peptides in our catalog, a reconstituted KPV vial is usually used within about 4 weeks. No peer-reviewed stability study has published an exact shelf life for reconstituted KPV specifically, so this is a conservative handling guideline, not a validated study result.","sortOrder":18},{"locale":"en","question":"Why does the KPV vial look almost empty even though it contains the full labeled amount?","answer":"KPV is a tripeptide of just three amino acids (lysine, proline, valine), with a molecular mass of about 342 g/mol, and our 10 mg vial contains no filler such as mannitol. Lyophilized down to that small a quantity, it commonly settles as a barely visible dusting or thin film on the glass rather than a visible cake, especially if the vial was jostled in transit. That is expected for a peptide this small and this pure, not a sign of a short-filled vial. The batch CoA, not the eye, is the real way to confirm content: match the batch code on your vial to its corresponding report rather than judging by visible powder.","sortOrder":19},{"locale":"en","question":"Is KPV one of the peptides under review by the FDA's Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC) in 2026, and what would that actually mean?","answer":"Yes. KPV was reviewed at the FDA's Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting on 23-24 July 2026, together with BPC-157, TB-500, MOTS-c, DSIP, Semax and Epitalon, following the April 2026 removal of twelve peptides from the 503A Category 2 list. A PCAC review only decides whether US compounding pharmacies may legally prepare a substance under section 503A. It is not an FDA drug approval and carries no legal force in the EU. Nothing about that process changes what we sell: KPV remains an unapproved, research-use-only compound here regardless of the outcome.","sortOrder":22},{"locale":"en","question":"Does unrefrigerated shipping affect the quality of this product?","answer":"This product ships unrefrigerated as a lyophilised (freeze-dried) powder in a sealed vial. Solid formulations are frequently required to maintain protein stability during storage and transport (PMID 25565441); temperature and moisture influence degradation in the solid state (PMID 10229638). Solid human insulin was studied for six months at 25°C and 40°C (PMID 39725225), solid semaglutide retained its native structure up to 60°C (PMID 42086873), and a freeze-dried secretin formulation showed a 20 to 27 percent assay decrease at eight weeks (PMID 25636302). Our parcels travel 1 to 2 working days within Germany and 3 to 10 across the EU, longer outside the EU. After delivery, store the sealed vial refrigerated or frozen, and refrigerate after reconstitution. The cited studies describe other solid peptide formulations; they do not measure this specific product, so we state the transit facts and the storage rules rather than a guarantee.","sortOrder":24},{"locale":"en","question":"What should a reconstituted KPV solution look like, and what do cloudiness, visible particles or a yellow tint actually indicate?","answer":"No KPV-specific appearance specification was located in the cited PubMed and DailyMed sources; the tesamorelin criteria cannot define KPV appearance and serve only as a comparator for another lyophilized peptide. The EGRIFTA WR (tesamorelin) label states that the reconstituted product is a clear, colorless solution and that it is not to be used if solid particles appear or if the solution is cloudy or colored (DailyMed, EGRIFTA WR label, section 2.2), and the DailyMed bacteriostatic water label directs that reconstituted material be inspected for clarity and freedom from unexpected precipitation or discoloration. The cited evidence does not identify the cause of a yellow tint in KPV: PMID 24937252 concerns colour change in a monoclonal antibody and attributes it to tryptophan oxidation products, while PMID 25298219 identifies KPV as lysine-proline-valine. The published forced-degradation study identified lys-pro-diketopiperazine as the major product under acid, alkali and peroxide stress but did not describe its visible appearance (PMID 25298219).","sortOrder":31},{"locale":"en","question":"Is KPV actually antimicrobial, which organisms was that tested against, and has the finding been replicated?","answer":"In the cited in vitro paper, alpha-MSH and its carboxy-terminal tripeptide KPV were assayed against Staphylococcus aureus colony formation and against Candida albicans viability and germ-tube formation across a broad concentration range including the picomolar range, with cellular cAMP proposed as the mechanism (PMID 10670585). A later letter in the same journal reported that microplate growth-inhibition assays with several C. albicans strains did not reproduce that finding (PMID 19092131), and it worked with alpha-MSH rather than KPV itself. A 2021 rat study of gingival ulcers used KPV in a hydrogel whose adhesion enhancer EGCG carries antibacterial activity of its own, so the readout cannot be assigned to KPV alone (PMID 34846053). A PubMed search for KPV or Lys-Pro-Val together with gut microbiota, commensal, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium or prebiotic returned no studies (search September 2026).","sortOrder":32}],"ratingAvg":0,"ratingCount":0,"productReviews":[]}